A Case of Urinary Tract Infection Extended to Kidney

A Urinary Tract Infection extended upward to kidneys in a newly married woman.

© Dr Ravinder S Mann 2014

 A 19 yrs newly married girl presented on June 26, 2014 with severe pain at right renal angle (Kidney region). Pain was stitching in nature, originating in right kidney and extending downward to bladder, covering whole right side of abdomen. Pain was worse by walking and better by lying down. 

For last few days patient has burning pains in urethra after urinating and very severe at conclusion of urination. Pains are burning and scalding. Urination frequent and scanty. Urine contains pus cells on urine test report. 

These symptoms are persisting for last one month. Has taken a course of antibiotics but symptoms recurred again.

Repertorization

Prescription on June 26, 2014

Sarsaparilla  officinalis 200 CH , 3 doses prescribed on hourly interval with sac lac for 7 days.

July 2, 2014

Pain, scalding, burning and pains from kidney extending downward stopped in few hours after taking medicine on same day. Frequency of urination stopped in 3 days. Urine report shows pus cells in normal range.

No prescription is given and advised to consult again if symptoms recurs.

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Read Article on Urinary Tract Infection
Read Article on Homeopathic medicines for Urinary Tract Infection

Notes on Cystitis by F. E. McCurtain

This article originally published in "THE CRITIQUE" VOL. V. DENVER, COLO., JANUARY 15,1898. No. 1, on page no. 11 & 12. Still a very indicative and relevant article in diseases of acute and chronic bladder infections and Urinary Tract infections(UTI).

NOTES ON CYSTITIS.
F. E. McCurtain, M. D., Denver

1. Sudden violent urging to urinate-  Petroselinum.
2. Urine dropping from meatus instead of being ejected with force- Hepar.
3. High fever, restlessness, constant desire to urinate- Aconite.
4. Burning and pressure in the bladder- Nux Vom.
5. Bladder largely distended- Arsen Alb.
6. After irritating drugs- Camphor.
7. Stitching, recurring, crampy pain; thick mucus and bright red mealy sediment- Berberis Aqua.
8. Urine alkaline and ropy- Kali Bich.
9. Natrum Mur.- Has pain greatest after micturation.
10. Phos. Acid. -Urine looks like milk and quickly decomposes.
11. After exposure to cold the urine deposits a slimy sediment which sticks to the vessel- Pulsatilla.
12. A sensation as if a ball were rolling in the bladder- Lachesis.
13. Sensitiveness of Hypogastrium, tenesmus of bladder.Burning in region of kidneys- Terebinth.
14. Retention of urine; great thirst; dry tongue and delirium- Hyoscyamus.
15. In old people and chronic cases where the acute inflammation has subsided- Carbo Veg.
16. When in consequence of long retention of urine the muscular coat of the bladder becomes almost paralyzed- Causticum.
17. Persistent and violent urging to urinate with great tenesmus; urine seems like molten lead passing through the urethra- Cantharis.
18. Turbid urine and great difficulty in commencing to urinate- Chimaphila.
19. Enuresis, marked vesical irritation. Bladder sore and tender; pressure on bladder-  Equisetum.
20. Irritable bladder; dribbling of urine; high colored; ammoniacal odor, like that of the horse- Benzoic Acid. 


All the above written and listed medicines are helpful in Urinary Tract Infections when indicated.


Some more medicines which are useful in Urinary Tract Infection are listed here.

Abscesses and Boils- Homeopathic Medicines

Angustura- Abscess of the ankle joint.
Apis Mellfica- Stinging, burning pains in incipient abscesses. Diffuse inflammation of the cellular tissue.
Arnica- Arnica has an action on skin, producing crops of boils all over the body. They begin with soreness and go on to suppuration and are followed by another crop of boils. It may also be used in boils and abscesses which have partially matured but which instead of discharging, shrivel up by reason of absorption of the contained pus.
Hot, hard and shining swelling; pricking pains and dull stitches in the part.
Arsenicum Album- Arsenicum may be used in carbuncles or in boils with pepper-box openings and dipping deeply into the cellular tissues. It is indicated when the character of the pain is cutting, lancinating, burning with aggravation after midnight and irritability of mind and body is present.
Intolerable burning pains with fever, pus copious, bloody, corroding, ichorous, watery and of a putrid smell. Great debility, muscular prostration, sleeplessness and restlessness is present.
Belladona- In beginning of inflammation, scarlet redness, hot swelling, sudden onset, great sensitiveness to cold air.
Belladona is indicated by the violence of symptoms, by radiating redness, by throbbing and tendency towards suppuration.
Bellis p- Boils all over with sore, bruised feeling.
 Carbo Veg- Carbo veg can be administered in carbuncles, particularly when the affected parts are bluish and livid and when discharges are offensive and associated with burning pains. When carbuncles or boils are become gangrenous , carbo veg may be indicated. In these cases it is distinguished from Arsenicum by the absence of the extreme restlessness.
Chamomilla- Abscess very hot and painful with clear, serous suppuration not relieved by Arsenicum Album.
Hepar Sulf- Throbbing and beating in the abscess, skin over the abscess is highly inflamed , hard, hot and swelling; pus scanty, bloody, corroding, smelling like old cheese; pains worse at night and by exposure to cold.
If suppuration occurs as the result of the inflammation, we have Hepar indicated and exercising a double function. If you give it in a high potency when the throbbing, stabbing pains in affected part and the general rigor show the onset of inflammation, it may abort the whole trouble. In other cases, if you see that suppuration is necessary and wish to hasten the process, then you give Hepar in low potency.
Mercurius Sol- Slowly suppurating abscess. Burning redness of the skin, with prickling and tingling sensation.
Another condition in which we may use Mercurius is one of inflammation which has gone on to suppuration, whether the disease be a boil , a tonsillitis or any other form of inflammation. Mercurius belongs to an interesting little group of medicines which you will use very often; they are Belladona, Hepar, Mercurius and Lachesis. To these we may also add Silicea and Sulphur. You should prefer Belladona in the beginning of inflammation.
You should change to Hepar when the sharp sticking pains and chills indicate the beginning of suppuration. It may prevent suppuration when given in the incipiency of that process.
Mercurius is suited to a still more advanced state when pus has formed and you wish it evacuated. Mercurius does not prevent the formation of pus but rather favors it.If you give it too soon you will spoil the case. In felons , if it is given low, it will generally favor the rapid formation of pus.
When pus continues to discharge and the wound refuses to heal, Silicea follows Hepar. In some of these cases, the benefit under Silicea will cease, Then a dose or two of Sulphur will excite reaction and Silicea can effect a cure.
Lachesis- is indicated when the pus degenerates and becomes of a dark , thin, offensive character with the sensitiveness to touch of that drug.
Silicea- Silicea produces inflammation of cellular tissue, going on to suppuration which is rather indolent or sluggish in type and become chronic. Persistent cases of ulceration, cellulitis come under this medicine.
Cases of Furuncles which occur in crops and which do not heal readily but continue to discharge a rather thin, watery pus.

Repertory for boils and abscess-
Multiple Boils- Arnica, Arsenic, Nux Vomica, Sulphur
Successive Crops- Antim Crud, Arsenic, Aster. R., Calcarea Pic., Iodum, Mercurius Sulph
Large Boils- Antim Tart., Crotalus, Hepar sulf, Hysocyamus, Lachesis, Lycopodium, Mercurius Sol., Nitric Acid, Petroleum, Phosphorus, Silicea
Small Boils- Arnica, Belladona, Hydrastis, Lycopodium, Magn.,Natrum Mur, Nux Vomica, Sulphur, Zincum.


Bibiliography-
1.Homeopathic Therapeutics- Samuel Lilienthal
2.Clinical Materia medica- E.A.Farrington
3.Allen's Keynotes- H.C.Allen
4.Homeopathic Drug Pictures- M.L.Tyler
5.Pocket Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica and Repertory- W. Boericke
6.The Leaders in Homeopathic Therapeutics- E.B.Nash
7.Boenninghausen’s Therapeutic Pocket Book- T.F.Allen

Leucorrhea: Indicated Homeopathic Medicines

 Dr Vandana Patni

Consultant Homeopathic Physician

Shikhar Homeopathic Clinic

Kapil Complex,

Mukhani, Haldwani

Uttrakhand

Contact: 9897271337

Leucorrhea is a loose term for any kind of vaginal discharges other then blood. In strict definition leucorrhea is excessive vaginal discharge in which primary cause is not infective. Vaginal discharges which contains pus cells and causative organisms, known as Specific Vaginal Infections. But there is no clear demarcation between Leucorrhea and Specific Vaginal Infection, both may co exist and in day to day clinical practice both are considered on same account.

Alumina- Leucorrhea Acrid, Profuse, Transparent, Ropy, Tenacious, with burning, worse during daytime, worse after menses. Leucorrhea Exhaustive.

Anemic and Chlorotic girls at puberty with abnormal craving for certain indigestible articles such as slate pencils, chalk, whitewash etc.

Patient is very low-spirited and inclined to weep, worse on awakening resembling Lachesis, Pulsatilla, Sepia etc.

Apprehension and fear that he will go crazy, suicidal tendency when the patient see blood or knife.

Ammonium Muriaticum- Leucorrhea is brown and lumpy or else clear and albuminous which follows after every urination.

Borax- Leucorrhea as like white of eggs with sensation as if warm water is flowing. Clear, copious and albuminous leucorrhea.

Bovista- Leucorrhea is acrid, thick, tough, greenish and after menses. Can not bear tight clothing around waist (like Lachesis).

Bovista patient is awkward, everything falls from hands.

Calcarea Carbonica- Leucorrhea profuse, with considerable itching and burning and is generally milky, purulent, yellow and thick in appearance. It is especially indicated for leucorrhea occurring before puberty even in little girls.

Calcarea Phosphorica- Leucorrhea likes white of an egg.

Carbo Vegetabilis- Leucorrhea is before menses, thick, milky and excoriating.

Cocculus- Leucorrhea purulent, gushing between menses; very weakening, can scarcely speak.

Graphites- Leucorrhea is profuse, coming in gushes and is excoriating. Leucorrhea may be pale, thin, profuse, white, excoriating with great weakness in back.

Graphites patients are anemic but constitutionally they are fatty and flabby.

Helonias- Tendency to inflammation of the vulva and vagina with formation of pus. Ulceration of cervix uteri. Leucorrhea which has a bad odor and every little exertion tends to produce a flow of blood. Persistent itching about the genitals with or without the formation of blisters or sores.

Hepar Sulf- Leucorrhea extremely offensive, smells like old cheese.

Hydrastis- Leucorrhea is worse after menses, acrid, corroding, shreddy, tenacious. Itching of vulva with profuse leucorrhea.

Kali Bichromicum- Yellow, tenacious stringy Leucorrhea. Itching of vulva with great burning and excitement.

Kreosotum-  Leucorrhea is yellow, acrid, odor of fresh green corn, worse between periods. Corrosive itching within vulva, burning and swelling of labia; violent itching between labia and thighs. Acridity and irritating nature of leucorrhea in Kreosotum is very marked.

Lilium Tigrinum- Leucorrhea is watery, yellowish or yellowish –brown and excoriating with smarting in labia. This excoriating property of Lilium is characteristic.

Mercurius Sol- Leucorrhea excoriating, greenish, bloody with sensation of rawness in parts. Itching and burning is worse after urination, better washing with cold water. Morning sickness with profuse salivation.

Murex- Leucorrhea thick, green or bloody with lancinating pains extending upward to the abdomen or thorax.

Natrum Carb- Leucorrhea is thick and yellow which sometimes has a putrid odor and ceases after urination.

Nitricum Acidum- Leucorrhea brown, flesh-colored, watery or stringy, offensive.

Psorinum- Leucorrhea is fetid, lumpy with much backache and debility.

Pulsatilla- Leucorrhea acrid, burning and creamy. Pain in back with tired feeling.

Pulsatilla woman is tearful, sympathetic, anemic and want open air always.

Sepia- Leucorrhea is yellowish green color, excoriating and offensive with itching of parts.

Sepia patient is Indifferent to those loved best, aversion to occupation, to family. Irritable; easily offended. Dreads to be alone. Very Sad and weeps easily.

Thuja- Leucorrhea  profuse, thick, greenish. Warts or condylomata appears on genitals or anus, about the perineum and upon mucous surfaces.

Bibiliography:-

1.    Clinical Materia Medica- E.A.Farrington

2.    Pocket manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica and Repertory – W. Boericke

3.    Allen’s key Notes – H.C.Allen

4.     The Leaders in Homeopathic Therapeutics- E.B.Nash

5.    Homeopathic Drug Pictures- M.L.Tyler

6.    Boenninghausen’s Therapeutic Pocket Book- T.F.Allen

7.    Analytical Repertory- C. Hering

                   

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

 © Dr.R.S.Mann 2010

UTI includes Pylopnephritis (Infection of Kidneys), Cystitis (Infection of Urinary Bladder) and Urethritis (Infection of Urethra)

a

Urinary tract is make up of kidney,Ureter,Urinary Bladder and Urethra. 
It is divided in Upper and Lower Urinary Tract:

Upper Urinary Tract include kidneys and Ureters.
Lower Urinary Tract include Urinary Bladder and Urethra.

Infections in upper urinary tract infect Kidneys(pyleonephritis) and in lower urinary tract can infect bladder(Cystitis) and Urethra(urethritis).

One kidney is in each side of body. Urine is filtered from blood by kidneys and then ureters drain urine from both kidneys into Bladder. Bladder is a sac like structure which expand with urine but when it get full, muscles in wall of bladder contracts and urine pass through urethra to outside of body.
Infection can occur in any of these parts either in Urethra and Bladder means either in Lower Urinary Tract or infection can go upward in Upper urinary tract in kidneys and ureters.

A Case Of Urinary Tract Infection Extending to Kidneys by Dr. R. Mann

Facts About UTI

1. Infections of Upper urinary tract are more serious but less common as compare to infections of Lower Urinary tract.
2. Most of the infections in Urinary Tract are of ascending nature, means infections get entry from urethra and travel upward towards kidneys.
3. Infections are much common in Adults than in children, but infections in children are much more of serious nature than in Adults and it should not be ignored.
4. Infection of Urinary Tract are more common in females than in males, but infections in males are of more serious nature and reluctant than females.
5. Infections are much more common in females of young age who are sexually active, and infections are more common also in menopausal women due to vaginal bacterias grow rapidly after menopause.
6. 40% women and more than 10% men sometimes in their life face Urinary Tract infections.

Causes Of Urinary Tract Infections

1. Poor hygienic practices is most common cause of UTI.
2. Sexual intercourse is also the common cause in women because woman's vaginal and urethral openings are very near to each other.So infections from vagina can get into urethra easily. Females occupied in frequent sexual intercourse are more vulnerable to get UTI.
3. When women wipe from behind to forward,anal infections can enter into vagina and urethra.
4. Any condition which block the flow of urine,e.g.stones, it increase the chances of UTI.
5. Medical conditions that cause incomplete bladder emptying (as spinal cord injury or bladder decompensation after menopause or prostatic enlargement in males).
6. Men with enlarge prostate,fail to empty there bladder completely , and residual urine may promote the UTI. It is very common cause in Older men.
7. Uncircumcised males have more chances to get UTI then circumcised males.
8. Catheterization(putting Catheter in Bladder through Urethra) in pre and post operative care may injure Urethra, and injured urethra can be easily infected. Catheterization is very common cause of lower urinary tract infections.

Organism that cause UTI

1. In 90% cases Escherichia coli ( E.coli) is cause of UTI, usually this bacteria lives in and around anus.
2. Gonococcus,Chlamydia,Trichomonas,Candida Albicans, Streptococci, Staphylococci and some viruses can cause UTI.
3. Tuberculosis of Kidneys .
4. There are many other organism may cause UTI.

Symptoms and Signs of UTI

Symptoms of Lower Urinary tract( Bladder and Urethra) are different from Upper Urinary Tract(Kidney).

Symptoms and signs of Lower Urinary Tract                (Urinary Bladder and Urethera)

a. Dysuria- it is pain and scalding, burning during Urination.
b. Urgency- It means Unable to hold urine.
c. Frequency- It means frequent urination or awakening from sleep to urinate.
d. Hesitancy- It means sensation of not being urinate easily, or you passes few drops only and experiences "Does not finished" sensation.
e. Pain in lower abdomen, in supra pubic region or it may be feeling of discomfort.
f. Urine may be bloody,turbid and foul smelling.
g. Fever, chills(rigors) and just not feeling well(malaise) --these are mild in Lower tract infection.
h. In Females, presence of vaginal discharge suggests cause is vaginitis(inflammation of Vagina), cervicits(inflammation of cervix) or PID(pelvic inflammatory disease).
I. Supra pubic Tenderness on examination.

Symptoms and Signs of Upper Urinary Tract Infection       (Kidney and Ureter)

a. High Grade Fever.
b. Shaking chills.
c. Nausea.
d. Vomiting.
e. Pain in flank- pain in sides of abdomen,either in one side or both.
  
Some times infection of Bladder may coexist with kidney infection then symptoms of Lower Urinary tract may be present with these symptoms.

In cases of Pregnant women, children, infants and older persons these typical symptoms of UTI may not be present, so there cases should be evaluated accordingly.


Tests and Diagnosis of UTI

1. Urine Analysis.
2. Urine culture.
3. Complete Blood count is needed in severe cases and in infections of Upper urinary tract infections.
4. Examination of pelvis in young woman's is necessary to rule out pelvic infections and Rectal examinations in male necessary to rule out Prostatic enlargement.
5. Sometimes Imaging Techniques as Ultrasound, IntraVenousUrogram(IVU), CT Scan, Cystoscopy may be needed as indicated in case.

Prevention

1.Use Hygienic practices.
2. Take plenty of water at least 2 liter a day.
3. Women should wipe from front to behind after stool to prevent anal infection to get lodged in vagina and urethra.
4. Make habit of emptying bladder after sexual intercourse it stops entry of organisms in urethra.
5. Avoid coffee, alcohol and spicy foods, all of which irritate the bladder.
6. Quit smoking- Smoking irritates the bladder and is known to cause bladder cancer.
7.If u are on Antibiotic medicines always complete them according to prescription, missing doses may increase resistance of bacterias.

Treatment Of UTI

Conventional Treatment

1. Antibiotics- according the symptoms and severity of the case. Length of course depends on part, either Urethra, bladder or Kidneys, involved. And according the age and sex of patients.
 2. Analgesics -Pain killers are prescribed according the case.
3. Hot fomentation is advised to relieve the pain.
4. If nausea,vomiting and fever present - medicines accordingly prescribed.
5. Rest and avoid sexual activity.
6. Drink plenty of water and never retain urine.

Homeopathic Treatment

1. Homeopathy has more than 225 medicines for different disorders of Urinary tract infections. A historical article on cystitis is very useful on UTI.
2.Medicine are prescribed according the symptoms of the patient and their severity.
3. Homeopathy is safe to prescribe in cases of Kidney infection where use of antibiotics can be comparatively hazardous due to less functioning of kidney and toxicity of medicine. Safe for children, infants and pregnant women.
4. Very effective in recurrent cases of UTI where bacterial infections becomes resistant to Antibiotics, homeopathic medicines remove them permanently.
5. In acute cases 2-4 weeks medications is sufficient for permanent cure but in chronic and recurrent cases it takes longer time.
6.Homeopathy remove the tendency to get infections again and again.It improves immunity of a person.
7.Mental symptoms associated with urination and their indicated homeopathic medicines are given on "Mental Symptoms Before, During and After Urination" page.
8. A Case of Urinary Tract Infection Extending to Kidneys presented here.
.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis: Sinus Infections

© Dr Vandana Patni 2008

Sinus infection, or sinusitis, is an inflammation of the sinuses and nasal passages. A sinus infection can cause a headache or pressure in the eyes, nose, cheek area, or on one side of the head. A person with a sinus infection may also have a cough, a fever, bad breath, and nasal congestion with thick nasal secretions. Sinusitis is categorized as acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long term, the most common type).
Structure of the sinuses (also called para-nasal sinuses): The human skull contains four major pairs of hollow air–filled–cavities called sinuses. These are connected to the space between the nostrils and the nasal passage. Sinuses help insulate the skull, reduce its weight, and allow the voice to resonate within it. The four major pairs of sinuses are the:

1. Frontal sinuses (in the forehead,under eyebrow)

2. Maxillary sinuses (behind the cheek bones)

3. Ethmoid sinuses (between the eyes)

4. Sphenoid sinuses (behind the eyes)

The sinuses provide defenses against bacteria (germs). If a disruption occurs that affects the normal host defenses inside the sinuses, those defenses may allow bacteria, which are normally present in the nasal passages, to enter any of the sinuses. Once the bacteria get entry ,they stick to the lining cells and cause a sinus infection.

Acute sinusitis usually lasts less than eight weeks or occurs no more than three times per year with each episode lasting no longer than 10 days. Successful treatment counteracts damage done to the mucous lining of the sinuses and surrounding bone of the skull.

Chronic sinusitis lasts longer than eight weeks or occurs more than four times per year with symptoms usually lasting more than twenty days.

The sinuses are covered with a mucus layer and cells that contain little hairs on their surfaces called cilia. These help trap and propel bacteria and pollutants outward. Para-nasal sinuses are connected to nasal cavities.

Causes of Sinus Infection

Acute sinusitis usually follows a viral infection in the upper respiratory tract, but allergens (allergy–causing substances) and pollutants may also trigger acute sinusitis. A viral infection causes damage to the cells of the sinus lining, which leads to inflammation. The lining thickens with fluid that obstructs the nasal passage. This passage connects to the sinuses. The obstruction disrupts the process that removes bacteria normally present in the nasal passages, and the bacteria begin to multiply and invade the lining of the sinus. This causes the symptoms of sinus infection. Allergens and pollutants produce a similar effect.

Bacteria that normally cause acute sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, and Moraxella catarrhalis. These microorganisms, along with Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobes (bacteria that live without oxygen), are involved in chronic sinusitis.

Fungi are also becoming an increasing cause of chronic sinusitis, especially in people with diseases that weaken the immune system, such as AIDS, leukemia, and diabetes.


Symptoms of Sinus Infection

Signs and symptoms of sinus infections depend upon which sinuses are affected and whether the sinus infection is acute or chronic.

Acute sinusitis:

A. Ethmoid sinusitis (behind the eyes)

• Nasal congestion with discharge or postnasal drip (mucus drips down the throat behind the nose)
• Pain or pressure around the inner corner of the eye or down one side of the nose
• Headache in the temple or surrounding the eye
• Pain or pressure symptoms worse when coughing, straining, or lying on the back and better when the head is upright
• Fever

B. Maxillary sinusitis (behind the cheek bones)

• Pain across the cheekbone, under or around the eye, or around the upper teet
• Pain or pressure on one side or both
• Tender, red, or swollen cheekbone
• Pain and pressure symptoms worse with the head upright and bending forward and better when reclining
• Nasal discharge or postnasal drip
• Fever

C. Frontal sinusitis (behind forehead, one or both sides)

• Severe headaches in the forehead
• Fever
• Pain worse when reclining and better with the head upright
• Nasal discharge or postnasal drip

D. Sphenoid sinusitis (behind the eyes)

• Deep headache with pain behind and on top of the head, across the forehead, and behind the eye
• Fever
• Pain worse when lying on the back or bending forward
• Double vision or vision disturbances if pressure extends into the brain
• Nasal discharge or postnasal drip

Chronic sinusitis:

A. Ethmoid sinusitis

• Chronic nasal discharge, obstruction, and low–grade discomfort across the bridge of the nose
• Pain worse in the late morning or when wearing glasses
• Chronic sore throat and bad breath
• Usually recurs in other sinuses

B. Maxillary sinusitis

• Discomfort or pressure below the eye
• Chronic toothache
• Pain possibly worse with colds, flu, or allergies
• Increased discomfort throughout the day with increased cough at night

C.Frontal sinusitis

• Persistent, low–grade headache in the forehead
• History of trauma or damage to the sinus area

D.Sphenoid sinusitis

• Low–grade general headache common

Exams and Tests

The diagnosis of a sinus infection is usually made based on a thorough medical history assessment and a physical examination. Adequately distinguishing sinusitis from a simple upper respiratory infection or a common cold is important.

Sinusitis is often caused by bacteria and viruses .Upper respiratory infections and colds are viral illnesses. Proper diagnosis of these potentially similar conditions prevents confusion as to which medications should be given. Over treating viral infections with antibiotics can be dangerous.

A. X-Ray PNS(Para Nasal Sinuses) may be helpful in diagnosis of sinus infections.But it is not con formative among bacterial or viral cause of sinusitis and sometimes X-Ray study may miss the infection.

B. CT scan: In most cases, diagnosing acute sinusitis requires no tests. When testing is needed, the CT scan can clearly depict all of the para-nasal sinuses, the nasal passages, and the surrounding structures.
Mucosal thickening can occur in people without symptoms of sinusitis. Therefore, CT scan findings must be correlated with a person's symptoms and physical examination findings to diagnose a sinus infection.

C. Ultrasound: Another noninvasive diagnostic tool is ultrasound. The procedure is fast, reliable, and less expensive than a CT scan. However, the results are not as detailed as those from a CT scan. 

D. Nasopharyngoscopy: Direct viewing of Nasal and pharyngeal cavity.

E.Culture and Sensitivity : Doctor may drain the affected sinus to test for organisms. This is a more invasive test than those already mentioned. During this procedure, a doctor inserts a needle into the sinus through skin (or gum) and bone in an attempt to withdraw fluid, which can be sent to the lab for culture. Any present bacteria can be identified . Usually this procedure does not needs.
Sinus Infection Treatment

Self–Care

A.Promote drainage

• Drink plenty of water and hydrating beverages. Hot tea is often recommended.
• Inhale steam two to four times per day by leaning over a bowl of boiling hot water (not while the water is on the stove) or using a steam vaporizer with a towel over the head and bowl to prevent the escape of the steam. Inhale the steam for about 10 minutes

B.Relieve pain: Pain medication such as ibuprofen , aspirin, and acetaminophen ( reduce pain and inflammation. These medications help to open the airways by reducing swelling.

Medical Treatment

The main goals in treating a sinus infection or sinusitis involve reducing the swelling or inflammation in the nasal passages and sinuses, eliminating the infection, promoting drainage from the sinuses.

Medications

1.Decongestants -help to reduce airway obstruction and are important in the initial treatment to alleviate symptoms.
2.Nasal sprays -work fastly—within one to three minutes. However, these agents should not be used for more than three days because they become less effective and developed dependency on it.
3. Oral Decongestants
Both nasal and oral decongestants have side effects, including general stimulation causing increased heart rate and blood pressure, insomnia, nervousness, anxiety, tremor, dry mouth, blurry vision, and headache. They may also cause an inability to urinate. Therefore, persons with a history of cardiac disease, high blood pressure, anxiety, or urinary problems should consult a physician before using decongestants.
4. Antibiotics: Broad spectrum antibiotics may be necessary for Bacterial infection.
5.Anti-allergic drugs may be prescribed to you.
6.Steroids: Intra-nasal steroids may be needed in cases of recurrent attacks of acute or chronic sinusitis.

Surgery

Surgery may be needed to remove complications of sinusitis and to remove obstruction

A.The surgery is performed endoscopically using the same fiberoptic nasopharyngoscope used to make the diagnosis.
B. During the surgery, nasal polyps can also be removed, and a crooked nasal septum can be straightened, leading to improved airflow.

Homeopathic Treatment

Homeopathy is well known for cases of Sinusitis,Allergy and recurrent infections. Homeopathy cures permanently Acute,Chronic and Allergic sinusitis. Old patients needs long term therapy to cure permanently. Homeopathy has more then 150 medicines for Allergy,Acute and Chronic Sinusitis. Children and young age persons are more vulnerable to infections of nasal cavity and sinuses. Homeopathy medicines are prescribed on basis of individuality of patient, modalities, symptoms, temperament, personality traits, mental attitudes and behavior patterns.